The proximate threats to Aceh Leuser Ecosystem are fairly obvious and well known. They include logging, poaching of wildlife, road construction, swamp drainage, inappropriate settlements and the effects these have over a much wider area, the unsustainable extraction of other non-timber forest products, and forest conversion etc. But these are really the result of more fundamental underlying causes that allow such abuses to go unchecked. This chapter discusses these causes and will point to the design of strategies and management interventions to deal with them and thus improve the conservation of the Leuser Ecosystem.